Confucianism and the Legalism: A model of the national strategy of governance in ancient China

The Confucian school emphasizes family value, moral persuasions, and personal relations. Under Confucianism, there is a free-rider issue in the provision of efforts. Since national officials are chosen through personal relations, they may not be the most capable. The Legalist school emphasizes the usage of incentives and formal institutions. Under the Legalism, the ruler provides strong incentives to local officials which may lead to side effects because some activities are noncontractible. The cold-blood image of the Legalism may alien citizens. By exploiting the paternalistic relationship between the ruler and the ruled under Confucianism and the strength of institution-building under the Legalism, the ruler may benefit from a combination of Confucianism approach and the Legalism approach as the national strategy of governance. As each strategy has its pros and cons, which strategy of is optimal depends on factors such as the minimum enforceable level of public service and the level of institution building costs.     

我国古村镇旅游研究进展

近10年来古村镇旅游研究紧随古村镇旅游的迅速发展而不断拓展,主要集中于古村镇旅游资源的保护与开发这一基础问题,而对影响古村镇旅游可持续发展的社区参与、旅游感知和经营管理等具体问题也较多关注。总体来看,现有研究还停留在现象、问题和矛盾关系的梳理上,较少地触及古村镇旅游发展的内在机理和演变规律,需要更多的学科支撑以拓展研究的视角,需要引入一些社会调查、计量与实验工具以充实研究的方法,需要更多的样本、实例以补充研究的领域,从而不断完善古村镇旅游研究体系,探索出具有中国特色的古村镇旅游发展之路。     

eHealth in Egypt: The demand-side perspective of implementing electronic health records

The present study sheds light on the expected factors that would impact the adoption of the Electronic Health Records (EHR) service in Egypt from the demand-side perspective, i.e. the healthcare consumer's standpoint. This empirical study is motivated by the use of EHR in many countries as a method of promoting healthcare services. Another incentive for the present study is to look at EHR as a top layer in the Next Generation of Information Infrastructure (NII). EHR is considered an efficiency-enhancing and cost-effective technology. Moreover, the issue of developing the healthcare sector in Egypt has the attention of government policymakers, who have a comprehensive healthcare and social insurance law that will be discussed in the Egyptian Parliament, in the near future. The study highlights the socio-technical approach used in analyzing the EHR as an eHealth application in Egypt. The underlying theoretical framework of this study implicates the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology in the Consumer Context (UTAUT2) model. It also applies an integrated framework of multifaceted perceptions used to explain the expected adoption or behavior of the Egyptian consumer vis-à-vis EHR. The study relies on primary data collected after surveying 559 respondents. Results reveal that determinants of EHR include demographics such as place and gender, but more importantly constructs such as price value, effort expectancy and facilitating conditions are key factors that play a part in the decision made by the Egyptian consumer to adopt EHR technology. Finally, additional insight and recommendations are offered to the policymakers.     

Extracting shadow exchange rates and foreign exchange premia during currency crises: an example from Egypt

We utilize high-frequency data and a novel synchronous trade-matching algorithm to show that shadow exchange rates could be estimated from price spreads between depositary receipts and their underlying local stocks using an example of the recent Egyptian currency crisis. These shadow rates reflect the local black market foreign exchange rates in addition to a foreign exchange premium, which we attribute to the cost of expatriating capital during currency and capital control periods.     

Seeing Like a City‐State: Behavioural Planning and Governance in Egypt's First Affordable Gated Community

Haram City is Egypt's first ‘affordable’ gated community, hosting both aspirational middle‐class homeowners and resettled poor urban residents. Amidst legal ambiguity during Egypt's 2011–2013 revolutionary period, the management team of this public–private partnership was tasked with creating a ‘fully self‐sufficient’ city. While Haram City is the product of top‐down ‘seeing like a state’ master planning (Scott, 1998 ), the day‐to‐day resolution of class vulnerabilities and disputes over ‘reasonableness’ in city life requires forms of interpersonal adjudication otherwise addressed through local urban law—‘seeing like a city’ (Valverde, 2011 ). This article uses ethnography of management techniques aiming to ‘upgrade behaviour’ to theorize that a private entity, in a strategically indeterminate relationship with the state, reconciles future‐oriented planning and storied prejudices by merging two visions of governance. Imitating the repertoire of urban law, managers plan the very realm of bottom‐up decision making. They then adapt top‐down urban planning to bottom‐up dispute resolution to spatially consolidate the ‘consensual’ outcomes of a rigged game. Evoking both colonial Egyptian vagrancy laws and neoliberal paternalist welfare, ‘seeing like a city‐state’ governance amounts to authoritarianism that conceals itself within custom, appearing neutral so as to plan streets, codes and inner lives at once.     

皖南浙西地区赫南特期沉积特征与沉积格局

由于潮坪相带只存在于扬子靠近华夏古陆的一侧,表明该时期华夏古陆已经推进到江绍断裂附近,而原江南古陆的位置附近存在盆地相的浊积岩,应为盆地环境,江南古陆在此时并未隆起。     

Egypt’s digital activism and the Dictator’s Dilemma: An evaluation

In recent years academics have used the term Dictator’s Dilemma to describe the impact of the Internet on undemocratic societies. The Dilemma says that if dictatorial rulers permit increased Internet penetration, they risk overthrow; if they do not, they isolate themselves from the global information economy, causing economic decline. Since Internet penetration world-wide has deepened, the Dilemma implies that dictatorships are bound to fall one by one. But how good is the Dilemma as an analytical device? Not very, this essay argues, using the Egyptian uprising of January 2011 as a case study. By examining the state’s Internet politics before 2011, the use of the Internet by Egyptian resistance activists, and the power relations that existed after the overthrow of the Dictator, this essay argues that the Dictator’s Dilemma blinds scholars to what really happens on the ground.     

皖南南屏的古村落旅游开发初探

皖南古村落作为一种独特的旅游资源,有极大的开发利用价值;协调开发与保护的关系,实现皖南古村落的可持续发展,旅游开发是一条有效的、切实可行的途径;对皖南古村落南屏旅游开发进行了SWOT分析,提出南屏旅游开发的初步设想。     

我国古代水权制度变迁分析

通过对我国古代各历史时期水权制度变迁的分析，认为我国古代水权制度的特点在于：古代水权制度是统治者偏好的体现，并有强烈的路径依赖；古代的水权制度以国家正式制度为主，以乡规民约等非正式制度为补充；意识形态成为推进或阻碍水权制度变迁的主要力量；技术进步导致要素价格发生变化，诱致水权制度变迁。     

皖南古村落旅游开发的初步研究

皖南古村落作为一种独特的旅游资源，有极大的开发利用价值；协调开发与保护的关系，实现皖南古村落的可持续发展，旅游开发是一条有效的、切实可行的途径；分析了皖南古村落旅游资源优势，指出皖南古村落旅游开发所存在的问题，提出相关建议和对策。